Jun 12, 2006 · The toxic substance later became known as lewisite, one of the most deadly poison gases developed until well after World War I. Produced by the United States during the latter part of that war, it had also been independently discovered, although not manufactured, in Germany. During World War II, the United States, Great Britain, Germany, the ... The United States has officially destroyed its stockpile of chemical weapons.. In doing so, it is the last of eight countries to destroy its declared stocks of chemical weapons under the Chemical ...Comical-Weapon. 1 705. Sumo Princesses-Page 9. Comical-Weapon. 1 673. 1. 2 3 Next. DeviantArt - Homepage. DeviantArt Facebook DeviantArt Instagram DeviantArt Twitter. VX is an extremely toxic synthetic chemical compound in the organophosphorus class, specifically, a thiophosphonate. In the class of nerve agents, it was developed for military use in chemical warfare after translation of earlier discoveries of organophosphate toxicity in pesticide research. In recent years, VX was found to be the agent used in ... Jul 11, 2022 · The chemical weapons factories at Muthanna were systematically dismantled in the 1990s under U.N. supervision, and hundreds of tons of the weapons he helped make were destroyed in incinerators or ... The Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal, also known as the Salisbury Poisonings, was a botched assassination attempt to poison Sergei Skripal, a former Russian military officer and double agent for the British intelligence agencies in the city of Salisbury, England on 4 March 2018. [5] [6] Sergei and his daughter, Yulia Skripal, were poisoned ... Sarin is a human-made chemical warfare nerve agent and is one of the most toxic and rapidly acting of known nerve agents. Sarin is also known by the military designation GB. Sarin, like all nerve agents, interferes with the operation of an enzyme that stops muscles from contracting. When this enzyme does not work correctly muscles are ...Comical-Weapon Published: Apr 21, 2020 119 Favourites 3 Comments 26.3K Views riskyboots shantae Part of a comic made exclusive for my patrons where they decide the fate of a character with a poll. www.patreon.com/posts/jesters-… Please consider supporting me on patreon for early access and exclusive stuff that doesnt get posted anywhere else!A Chemical Weapon is a chemical used to cause intentional death or harm through its toxic properties. Munitions, devices and other equipment specifically designed to weaponise toxic chemicals also fall under the definition of chemical weapons. A common conception of a chemical weapon (CW) is of a toxic chemical contained in a delivery system ...Chemical weapons in World War I. A French gas attack on German trenches in Flanders, Belgium (1917). The use of toxic chemicals as weapons dates back thousands of years, but the first large-scale use of chemical weapons was during World War I. [1] [2] They were primarily used to demoralize, injure, and kill entrenched defenders, against whom ... Comical-Weapon Published: Apr 21, 2020 119 Favourites 3 Comments 26.3K Views riskyboots shantae Part of a comic made exclusive for my patrons where they decide the fate of a character with a poll. www.patreon.com/posts/jesters-… Please consider supporting me on patreon for early access and exclusive stuff that doesnt get posted anywhere else!VX is an extremely toxic synthetic chemical compound in the organophosphorus class, specifically, a thiophosphonate. In the class of nerve agents, it was developed for military use in chemical warfare after translation of earlier discoveries of organophosphate toxicity in pesticide research. In recent years, VX was found to be the agent used in ...The use of chemical weapons is prohibited in international armed conflicts in a series of treaties, including the Hague Declaration concerning Asphyxiating Gases, the Geneva Gas Protocol, the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Statute of the International Criminal Court. [1] At present, only 13 States are not party to either the Geneva Gas ...The Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal, also known as the Salisbury Poisonings, was a botched assassination attempt to poison Sergei Skripal, a former Russian military officer and double agent for the British intelligence agencies in the city of Salisbury, England on 4 March 2018. [5] [6] Sergei and his daughter, Yulia Skripal, were poisoned ... Comical-Weapon Published: Apr 21, 2020 119 Favourites 3 Comments 26.3K Views riskyboots shantae Part of a comic made exclusive for my patrons where they decide the fate of a character with a poll. www.patreon.com/posts/jesters-… Please consider supporting me on patreon for early access and exclusive stuff that doesnt get posted anywhere else!Patreon is empowering a new generation of creators. Support and engage with artists and creators as they live out their passions!Sarin is a human-made chemical warfare nerve agent and is one of the most toxic and rapidly acting of known nerve agents. Sarin is also known by the military designation GB. Sarin, like all nerve agents, interferes with the operation of an enzyme that stops muscles from contracting. When this enzyme does not work correctly muscles are ...15 car/truck bombings with chlorine tanks used; most fatalities were from the explosions, most injuries from the chemical releases. 8 Oct 2006. Numaniyah, Iraq. Islamist terrorists. poison. policemen. 7 killed, 700 injured. poisoning of food at meal on police base; unconfirmed. 25 Sep 2006.The Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal, also known as the Salisbury Poisonings, was a botched assassination attempt to poison Sergei Skripal, a former Russian military officer and double agent for the British intelligence agencies in the city of Salisbury, England on 4 March 2018. [5] [6] Sergei and his daughter, Yulia Skripal, were poisoned ...Feb 15, 2023 · a weapon (such as mustard gas or sarin) used in chemical warfare… See the full definition Hello, Username. Log In Sign Up Games & Quizzes ... Mar 15, 2022 · CNN —. After US intelligence accurately predicted Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, it’s disturbing that Americans now fear Russia is preparing to use chemical weapons during the conflict. “I ... Gay bomb. The " gay bomb " (informally known) refers to a non-lethal psychochemical weapon concept that was speculated upon by a research laboratory within the United States Air Force. This unconventional idea involved the dispersion of sex pheromones over enemy forces, with the intent of generating mutual sexual attraction among them.The toxic substance later became known as lewisite, one of the most deadly poison gases developed until well after World War I. Produced by the United States during the latter part of that war, it had also been independently discovered, although not manufactured, in Germany. During World War II, the United States, Great Britain, Germany, the ...Comical-Weapon. 1 705. Sumo Princesses-Page 9. Comical-Weapon. 1 673. 1. 2 3 Next. DeviantArt - Homepage. DeviantArt Facebook DeviantArt Instagram DeviantArt Twitter.t. e. Agent Orange is a chemical herbicide and defoliant, one of the tactical use Rainbow Herbicides . It was used by the U.S. military as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand, [1] during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971. [2] It is a mixture of equal parts of two herbicides, 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D.Chemical weapons can be categorized by their physical characteristics, such as lethality, persistency, mode of action on the human body, and physical state (i.e., gas, liquid, or solid) when being delivered. Some chemical agents are highly lethal. For example, nerve agents such as sarin, tabun, soman, and VX can kill almost instantly; a few ... Condemning the use of chemical and biological weapons as unacceptable under any context or circumstances, delegates urged all States to abide by critical existing international instruments for their regulation, as the First Committee (Disarmament and International Security) continued its general debate today.The United States has officially destroyed its stockpile of chemical weapons.. In doing so, it is the last of eight countries to destroy its declared stocks of chemical weapons under the Chemical ...OPCW confirms: All declared chemical weapons stockpiles verified as irreversibly destroyed The United States of America, the last possessor State, completed the destruction of its declared chemical weapons stockpile 7 July 2023. Australia contributes over €60,000 to OPCW missions in Syria Australia is a steadfast supporter of the OPCW and its ...Chemical warfare (CW) involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons.This type of warfare is distinct from nuclear warfare, biological warfare and radiological warfare, which together make up CBRN, the military acronym for chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (warfare or weapons), all of which are considered "weapons of mass destruction" (WMDs), a term that ...The weapons facilities described by Afari were not hidden away on military bases or in underground bunkers, as they had been in Syria. The most important ones were in cities, inside lightly ...The Russian Federation is the home of the former Soviet stockpile of chemical weapons consisting of a declared stockpile of nearly 40,000 metric tons of chemical nerve, blister and choking agents. According to some reports, the total stockpile exceeds 50,000 tons, with an additional 32,300 ton stockpile of phosphorus agents.Apr 9, 2018 · In September 2013, the UN confirmed that a chemical weapons attack involving specially designed rockets that spread sarin over rebel-held suburbs of the Syrian capital took place the month before. White phosphorus munitions. US Air Force Douglas A-1E Skyraider dropping a 45 kilograms (100 lb) M47 white phosphorus bomb on a Viet Cong position in South Vietnam in 1966. White phosphorus munitions are weapons that use one of the common allotropes of the chemical element phosphorus. White phosphorus is used in smoke, illumination, and ...Part IV(A) – Destruction of Chemical Weapons and Its Verification Pursuant to Article IV; Part IV(B) – Old Chemical Weapons and Abandoned Chemical Weapons; Part V – Destruction of Chemical Weapons Production Facilities and Its Verification Pursuant to Article V; Part VI – Regime for Schedule 1 Chemicals and Facilities Related to such ... 15 car/truck bombings with chlorine tanks used; most fatalities were from the explosions, most injuries from the chemical releases. 8 Oct 2006. Numaniyah, Iraq. Islamist terrorists. poison. policemen. 7 killed, 700 injured. poisoning of food at meal on police base; unconfirmed. 25 Sep 2006.Use as a weapon. Fritz Haber (1868-1934) knew about the toxicity of chlorine when he chose it as his agent of warfare in 1915. He had already come up with the Haber-Bosch process, patented in 1910 ...A chemical weapon ( CW) is a specialized munition that uses chemicals formulated to inflict death or harm on humans. According to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), this can be any chemical compound intended as a weapon "or its precursor that can cause death, injury, temporary incapacitation or sensory irritation ...Chemical weapon - WMD, Toxins, Agents: Chemical weapons did not become true weapons of mass destruction (WMD) until they were introduced in their modern form in World War I (1914–18). The German army initiated modern chemical warfare by launching a chlorine attack at Ypres, Belgium, on April 22, 1915, killing 5,000 French and Algerian troops and momentarily breaching their lines of defense ... May 25, 2018 · Many countries classify powerful opioids like carfentanil as chemical weapons. In October 2002, after Chechen rebels stormed a Moscow theater and trapped more than 800 people for 57 hours, it ... Chlorine. orthorhombic. Chlorine is a chemical element with the symbol Cl and atomic number 17. The second-lightest of the halogens, it appears between fluorine and bromine in the periodic table and its properties are mostly intermediate between them. Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature.VX is an extremely toxic synthetic chemical compound in the organophosphorus class, specifically, a thiophosphonate. In the class of nerve agents, it was developed for military use in chemical warfare after translation of earlier discoveries of organophosphate toxicity in pesticide research. In recent years, VX was found to be the agent used in ... Share your thoughts, experiences, and stories behind the art. Literature. Submit your writing Phosgene is a planar molecule as predicted by VSEPR theory. The C=O distance is 1.18 Å, the C−Cl distance is 1.74 Å and the Cl−C−Cl angle is 111.8°. [9] Phosgene is a carbon oxohalide and it can be considered one of the simplest acyl chlorides, being formally derived from carbonic acid. The Dugway sheep incident, also known as the Skull Valley sheep kill, was a March 1968 sheep kill that has been connected to United States Army chemical and biological warfare programs at Dugway Proving Ground in Utah. Six thousand sheep were killed on ranches near the base, and the popular explanation blamed Army testing of chemical weapons ...Use as a weapon. Fritz Haber (1868-1934) knew about the toxicity of chlorine when he chose it as his agent of warfare in 1915. He had already come up with the Haber-Bosch process, patented in 1910 ...OPCW confirms: All declared chemical weapons stockpiles verified as irreversibly destroyed The United States of America, the last possessor State, completed the destruction of its declared chemical weapons stockpile 7 July 2023. Australia contributes over €60,000 to OPCW missions in Syria Australia is a steadfast supporter of the OPCW and its ...May 25, 2018 · Many countries classify powerful opioids like carfentanil as chemical weapons. In October 2002, after Chechen rebels stormed a Moscow theater and trapped more than 800 people for 57 hours, it ... Among the Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD), chemical warfare (CW) is probably one of the most brutal created by mankind. CW agents are extremely toxic synthetic chemicals that can be dispersed as a gas, liquid or aerosol or as agents adsorbed to particles to become a powder. These CW agents have either lethal or incapacitating effects on ...The Halabja massacre ( Kurdish: Kêmyabarana Helebce کیمیابارانی ھەڵەبجە ), also known as the Halabja chemical attack, was a massacre of Kurdish people that took place on 16 March 1988, during the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict in the closing days of the Iran–Iraq War in Halabja, Iraq. The attack was part of the Al-Anfal Campaign ...Chlorine. orthorhombic. Chlorine is a chemical element with the symbol Cl and atomic number 17. The second-lightest of the halogens, it appears between fluorine and bromine in the periodic table and its properties are mostly intermediate between them. Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature. Gay bomb. The " gay bomb " (informally known) refers to a non-lethal psychochemical weapon concept that was speculated upon by a research laboratory within the United States Air Force. This unconventional idea involved the dispersion of sex pheromones over enemy forces, with the intent of generating mutual sexual attraction among them.OPCW confirms: All declared chemical weapons stockpiles verified as irreversibly destroyed The United States of America, the last possessor State, completed the destruction of its declared chemical weapons stockpile 7 July 2023. Australia contributes over €60,000 to OPCW missions in Syria Australia is a steadfast supporter of the OPCW and its ...Novichok (Russian: Новичо́к, lit. 'newcomer, novice, newbie') is a group of nerve agents, some of which are binary chemical weapons.The agents were developed at the GosNIIOKhT state chemical research institute by the Soviet Union and Russia between 1971 and 1993.Chlorine. orthorhombic. Chlorine is a chemical element with the symbol Cl and atomic number 17. The second-lightest of the halogens, it appears between fluorine and bromine in the periodic table and its properties are mostly intermediate between them. Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature. The Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal, also known as the Salisbury Poisonings, was a botched assassination attempt to poison Sergei Skripal, a former Russian military officer and double agent for the British intelligence agencies in the city of Salisbury, England on 4 March 2018. [5] [6] Sergei and his daughter, Yulia Skripal, were poisoned ...The Russian Federation is the home of the former Soviet stockpile of chemical weapons consisting of a declared stockpile of nearly 40,000 metric tons of chemical nerve, blister and choking agents. According to some reports, the total stockpile exceeds 50,000 tons, with an additional 32,300 ton stockpile of phosphorus agents.Part IV(A) – Destruction of Chemical Weapons and Its Verification Pursuant to Article IV; Part IV(B) – Old Chemical Weapons and Abandoned Chemical Weapons; Part V – Destruction of Chemical Weapons Production Facilities and Its Verification Pursuant to Article V; Part VI – Regime for Schedule 1 Chemicals and Facilities Related to such ...The Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal, also known as the Salisbury Poisonings, was a botched assassination attempt to poison Sergei Skripal, a former Russian military officer and double agent for the British intelligence agencies in the city of Salisbury, England on 4 March 2018. [5] [6] Sergei and his daughter, Yulia Skripal, were poisoned ...The latest tweets from @Comical_Weapon Mar 18, 2022 · Updated. Artificial intelligence was used to ‘easily’ invent 40,000 new possible chemical weapons in just six hours. This is according to researchers who turned a drug-developing AI into a ... Jul 11, 2022 · The chemical weapons factories at Muthanna were systematically dismantled in the 1990s under U.N. supervision, and hundreds of tons of the weapons he helped make were destroyed in incinerators or ... Mar 6, 2023 · Syria’s full cooperation with the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) is essential to closing all outstanding issues related to its initial and subsequent declarations, a senior United Nations official told the Security Council today during its monthly briefing on implementation of resolution 2118 (2013) on elimination of the country’s chemical weapons programme ... History as chemical weapons. Sulfur mustard is a type of chemical warfare agent. As a chemical weapon, mustard gas was first used in World War I, and has been used in several armed conflicts since then, including the Iran–Iraq War, resulting in more than 100,000 casualties. Chemical Weapons Convention. Four UN states are not party: Egypt, Israel, North Korea and South Sudan. The Chemical Weapons Convention ( CWC ), officially the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction, is an arms control treaty administered by the Organisation ... chemical weapons, reportedly including stocks of nerve (sarin, VX) and blister (mustard gas) agents, and their potential use. For analysis of chemical weapons possession and use in Syria, see CRS Report R42848, Syria’s Chemical Weapons: Issues for Congress, coordinated by Mary Beth D. Nikitin. Chlorine. orthorhombic. Chlorine is a chemical element with the symbol Cl and atomic number 17. The second-lightest of the halogens, it appears between fluorine and bromine in the periodic table and its properties are mostly intermediate between them. Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature.May 25, 2018 · Many countries classify powerful opioids like carfentanil as chemical weapons. In October 2002, after Chechen rebels stormed a Moscow theater and trapped more than 800 people for 57 hours, it ... About Comical-Weapon Artist // Student // Digital Art July 26 Mexico Deviant for 10 years He / HimChemical weapon - Defense, Protection, Prevention: Since World War I the military organizations of all the great powers have acquired defensive equipment to cope with emerging offensive chemical weapons. The first and most important line of defense against chemical agents is the individual protection provided by gas masks and protective clothing and the collective protection of combat vehicles ... The Dugway sheep incident, also known as the Skull Valley sheep kill, was a March 1968 sheep kill that has been connected to United States Army chemical and biological warfare programs at Dugway Proving Ground in Utah. Six thousand sheep were killed on ranches near the base, and the popular explanation blamed Army testing of chemical weapons ...Weapons of Mass Destruction. The United States faces a rising danger from terrorists and rogue states seeking to use weapons of mass destruction. A weapon of mass destruction is a nuclear, radiological, chemical, biological, or other device that is intended to harm a large number of people. The Department of Homeland Security works every day to ...Patreon is empowering a new generation of creators. Support and engage with artists and creators as they live out their passions! Mar 6, 2023 · Syria’s full cooperation with the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) is essential to closing all outstanding issues related to its initial and subsequent declarations, a senior United Nations official told the Security Council today during its monthly briefing on implementation of resolution 2118 (2013) on elimination of the country’s chemical weapons programme ... The 2023 Florida Statutes. 790.001 Definitions.—. As used in this chapter, except where the context otherwise requires: (a) A fixed metallic or nonmetallic hull or casing containing a primer. (b) One or more projectiles, one or more bullets, or shot. (c) Gunpowder. All of the specified components must be present for an object to be ammunition.Mar 14, 2022 · According to the OPCW’s annual report for 2022, the OPCW confirmed that the United States has verifiably destroyed a total of 26,606.252 metric tons of priority Category 1 chemical weapons, which is 95.81% of the total U.S. declared stockpile. 2 The United States has destroyed all of its Category 2 chemical weapons, such as phosgene, and ... Jul 17, 2014 · To this day, phosgene is considered one of the most dangerous existing chemical weapons. It was first used in combination with chlorine gas on December 19, 1915, when Germany dropped 88 tons of ... Feb 27, 2021 · The dirt berm in the middle of the highway forced the driver to slow for a moment, and that was all the defenders needed. Two Kurdish fighters were waiting with a 35-pound antitank rocket, and ... The claim: Tear gas is a chemical weapon banned in war. As police officers across the country have tear-gassed crowds in attempts to disperse protesters, claims have surfaced on social media that ...Syria’s full cooperation with the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) is essential to closing all outstanding issues related to its initial and subsequent declarations, a senior United Nations official told the Security Council today during its monthly briefing on implementation of resolution 2118 (2013) on elimination of the country’s chemical weapons programme ...
CNN —. After US intelligence accurately predicted Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, it’s disturbing that Americans now fear Russia is preparing to use chemical weapons during the conflict. “I .... Burnett
Updated. Artificial intelligence was used to ‘easily’ invent 40,000 new possible chemical weapons in just six hours. This is according to researchers who turned a drug-developing AI into a ...Russia destroyed about 25,000 metric tons of chemical weapons, or 62 percent of its 40,000-ton stockpile as of April 29, 2012 – the deadline set by the Chemical Weapons Convention for complete arsenal destruction. Russia expected 2020 to be more realistic but according to Russia it achieved complete destruction on September 27, 2017. To this day, phosgene is considered one of the most dangerous existing chemical weapons. It was first used in combination with chlorine gas on December 19, 1915, when Germany dropped 88 tons of ...Chemical weapons can be categorized by their physical characteristics, such as lethality, persistency, mode of action on the human body, and physical state (i.e., gas, liquid, or solid) when being delivered. Some chemical agents are highly lethal. For example, nerve agents such as sarin, tabun, soman, and VX can kill almost instantly; a few ... Chemical weapon - Defense, Protection, Prevention: Since World War I the military organizations of all the great powers have acquired defensive equipment to cope with emerging offensive chemical weapons. The first and most important line of defense against chemical agents is the individual protection provided by gas masks and protective clothing and the collective protection of combat vehicles ...To this day, phosgene is considered one of the most dangerous existing chemical weapons. It was first used in combination with chlorine gas on December 19, 1915, when Germany dropped 88 tons of ...Apr 30, 2019 · Ammonia is widely known as a cleaning agent, and is well known for its properties as a glass cleaner. Ammonia’s anti-microbial properties allow it to be useful as a disinfectant. It is also used in processes that involve fermentation. It can be used as a refrigerant, in which context it is known as R717. Comical-Weapon. 19 1.2K. 1. 2 3... 50 Next. DeviantArt - Homepage. DeviantArt Facebook DeviantArt Instagram DeviantArt Twitter. About Contact Core Membership ... Comical-Weapon. 19 1.2K. 1. 2 3... 50 Next. DeviantArt - Homepage. DeviantArt Facebook DeviantArt Instagram DeviantArt Twitter. About Contact Core Membership ...Jul 7, 2023 · OPCW confirms: All declared chemical weapons stockpiles verified as irreversibly destroyed The United States of America, the last possessor State, completed the destruction of its declared chemical weapons stockpile 7 July 2023. Australia contributes over €60,000 to OPCW missions in Syria Australia is a steadfast supporter of the OPCW and its ... Comical-Weapon. 19 1.1K. 1. 2 3... 45 Next. DeviantArt - Homepage. DeviantArt Facebook DeviantArt Instagram DeviantArt Twitter. About Contact Core Membership ... May 25, 2018 · Many countries classify powerful opioids like carfentanil as chemical weapons. In October 2002, after Chechen rebels stormed a Moscow theater and trapped more than 800 people for 57 hours, it ... Explore comicalweapon Popular this century GIF Next Join the world's largest art community and get personalized art recommendations. Log In Join orChemical weapon proliferation. Many nations continue to research and/or stockpile chemical weapon agents despite numerous efforts to reduce or eliminate them. Most states have joined the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), which required the destruction of all chemical weapons by 2012. Twelve nations have declared chemical weapons production ...The claim: Tear gas is a chemical weapon banned in war. As police officers across the country have tear-gassed crowds in attempts to disperse protesters, claims have surfaced on social media that ...t. e. Agent Orange is a chemical herbicide and defoliant, one of the tactical use Rainbow Herbicides . It was used by the U.S. military as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand, [1] during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971. [2] It is a mixture of equal parts of two herbicides, 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D.Chemical weapons in World War I. A French gas attack on German trenches in Flanders, Belgium (1917). The use of toxic chemicals as weapons dates back thousands of years, but the first large-scale use of chemical weapons was during World War I. [1] [2] They were primarily used to demoralize, injure, and kill entrenched defenders, against whom ...chemical weapon, any of several chemical compounds, usually toxic agents, that are intended to kill, injure, or incapacitate enemy personnel.In modern warfare, chemical weapons were first used in World War I (1914–18), during which gas warfare inflicted more than one million of the casualties suffered by combatants in that conflict and killed an estimated 90,000.The weapons facilities described by Afari were not hidden away on military bases or in underground bunkers, as they had been in Syria. The most important ones were in cities, inside lightly ...Explore comicalweapon Popular this century GIF Next Join the world's largest art community and get personalized art recommendations. Log In Join or .
